DLC-1 gene deleted in cancers

ABSTRACT

A cDNA molecule corresponding to a newly discovered human gene is disclosed. The new gene, which is frequently deleted in liver cancer cells and cell lines, is called the DLC-1 gene. Because the gene is frequently deleted in liver cancer cells, but present in normal cells, it is thought to act as a tumor suppressor. This gene is also frequently deleted in breast and colon cancers, and its expression is decreased or undetectable in many prostate and colon cancers. Also disclosed is the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the DLC-1 gene. Methods of using these biological materials in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adenocarcinomas are presented.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of prior U.S. application Ser. No.09/644,947, filed Aug. 23, 2000, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§120 from International Application No. PCT/US99/04164, filed Feb. 25,1999, and under 35 U.S.C. §119 from U.S. Provisional Application No.60/075,952, filed Feb. 25, 1998. The prior applications are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the cloning and sequencing of the humancDNA molecule corresponding to a newly discovered gene, called DLC-1,which is frequently deleted in liver, breast and colon cancer cells. Inaddition, lower DLC-1 expression is frequently observed in liver, colon,and prostate cancer cells, compared to normal tissue. The presentinvention also relates to methods for screening and diagnosis of agenetic predisposition to liver cancer and other cancer types, andmethods of gene therapy utilizing recombinant DNA technologies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The isolation of genes involved in human cancer development is criticalfor uncovering the molecular basis of cancer. One theory of cancerdevelopment holds that there are tumor suppressor genes in all normalcells which, when they become non-functional due to mutations, causeneoplastic development (Knudsen et al., Cancer Res. 45: 1482, 1985).Evidence to support this theory has been found in the cases of humanretinoblastoma and colorectal tumors (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,892 andreferences cited therein), as well as in connection with breast andovarian cancers (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,693,473 and references citedtherein).

More particularly, recurrent deletions on the short arm of humanchromosome 8 in cases of liver, breast, lung and prostate cancers haveraised the possibility of the presence of tumor suppressor genes in thatlocation. For example, loss on the short arm of chromosome 8 inprostrate cancer (PC) cells was described in Brothman (Cancer Genet.Cytogenet. 95: 116-21, 1997). Similar deletions on the short arm ofchromosome 8 also have been detected in primary hepatocellular cancer(HCC), non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and node-negative breastcarcinomas (Isola, Am. J. Pathol. 147: 905-11, 1995; and Marchio, etal., Genes Chromo. Canc. 18: 59-65, 1997).

While recurrent chromosome 8 deletions in malignant tumors support therelevance of this lesion in carcinogenesis, scientists previously havebeen unable to identify the tumor suppressor genes involved in suchdeletions. This lack of knowledge concerning the molecular genetic basisof HCC, and other cancers associated with chromosome 8 deletions, hashampered efforts to diagnose the predisposition to such diseases and todevelop more effective treatments aimed at curing genetic deficiencies.

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a humancDNA molecule corresponding to a previously unknown gene located on theshort arm of chromosome 8, the deletion of which appears to be closelyassociated with the development of HCC and other cancers. The cloningand sequencing of such a cDNA molecule enables new and improved methodsof diagnosis and treatment of such diseases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention discloses the discovery of new human gene involvedin the pathogenesis of hepatocellular cancer (HCC), the most commonprimary liver cancer, and one of the most common cancers in the world,with 251,000 new cases reported each year. (Simonetti et al., Dig. Dis.Sci. 36: 962-72, 1991; Harris et al., Cancer Cells 2: 146-8, 1990;Marchio, et al., Genes Chromo. Cancer 18: 59-65, 1997). Morespecifically, the present invention discloses the isolation of the fulllength cDNA and the chromosomal localization of a new gene which isfrequently deleted in liver cancer, and hence is named the DLC-1 gene.

The full-length cDNA for DLC-1 is 3850 bp long (Seq. I.D. No. 1),encodes a protein of 1091 amino acids (Seq. I.D. No. 2), and waslocalized by fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosome 8 at bandsp21.3-22. Because the DLC-1 gene is deleted from a significantpercentage of primary HCC tumor cells and cell lines, primary breastcancers (BC), and colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines, and its expressionis decreased or not observed in a significant percentage of HCC celllines, CRC cell lines and prostate cancer (PC) cell lines, the DLC-1gene appears to operate as a tumor suppressor in liver cancer and othercancers including PC, CRC and BC.

The object of identifying the hitherto unknown DLC-1 gene has beenachieved by providing an isolated human cDNA molecule which is ablespecifically to correct the cellular defects characteristic of cellsfrom patients with a deleted or mutated DLC-1 gene. Specifically, theinvention provides, for the first time, an isolated cDNA molecule which,when transfected into cells derived from a patient with a deleted ormutated DLC-1 gene, can produce the DLC-1 protein believed to be activein suppressing HCC pathogenesis and other cancers, such as breast,colorectal, and prostate cancers. The invention encompasses the DLC-1cDNA molecule (derived from normal human liver cells), the nucleotidesequence of this cDNA, and the putative amino acid sequence of the DLC-1protein encoded by this cDNA.

Having herein provided the nucleotide sequence of the DLC-1 cDNA,correspondingly provided are the complementary DNA strands of the cDNAmolecule and DNA molecules which hybridize under stringent conditions tothe DLC-1 cDNA molecule or its complementary strand. Such hybridizingmolecules include DNA molecules differing only by minor sequencechanges, including nucleotide substitutions, deletions and additions.Also comprehended by this invention are isolated oligonucleotidescomprising at least a segment of the cDNA molecule or its complementarystrand, such as oligonucleotides which may be employed as effective DNAhybridization probes or primers useful in the polymerase chain reactionor as hybridization probes. Such probes and primers are particularlyuseful in the screening and diagnosis of persons genetically predisposedto HCC, and other cancers, as the result of DLC-1 gene deletions.

Hybridizing DNA molecules and variants on the DLC-1 cDNA may readily becreated by standard molecular biology techniques. Through themanipulation of the nucleotide sequence of the human cDNA provided bythis invention by standard molecular biology techniques, variants of theDLC-1 protein may be made which differ in precise amino acid sequencefrom the disclosed protein yet which maintain the essentialcharacteristics of the DLC-1 protein or which are selected to differ inone or more characteristics from this protein. Such variants are anotheraspect of the present invention.

Also provided by the present invention are recombinant DNA vectorscomprising the disclosed DNA molecules, and transgenic host cellscontaining such recombinant vectors.

Having isolated the human DLC-1 cDNA sequence, the genomic sequence forthe gene was determined according to the following method: A humangenomic library constructed using the P1 vector, pAD10SacBII, wastransferred from its original E. coli host into a second E. coli host,strain N3516, following procedures well-known in the art. A positive P1clone containing the DLC-1 gene was then obtained by performing aprotocol of PCR-based P1 library screening (Sheperd, Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 91: 2629-33, 1994; Neuhausen, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3: 1919-26,1994). The PCR primers used in this screening, designed from a genomicfragment isolated through Representational Difference Analysis(described more fully below), are listed below: PL7-3F 5′GACACCACCATCTCTGTGCTC 3′ (Seq. I.D. No.7) PL7-3R 5′GCAGACTGTCCTTCGTAGTTG 3′ (Seq. I.D. No.8)An isolated and purified biological sample of this genomic DLC-1 genewas deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) inManassas, Va., on Feb. 25, 1998, under accession number 98676. Thepresent invention also provides for the use of the DLC-1 cDNA, thecorresponding genomic gene and of the DLC-1 protein, and derivativesthereof, in aspects of diagnosis and treatment of HCC, and other cancersincluding, but not limited to PC, BC and CRC, resulting from DLC-1deletion or mutation.

An embodiment of the present invention is a method for screening asubject to determine if the subject carries a mutant DLC-1 gene, or ifthe gene has been partially or completely deleted, as is thought tooccur in many HCC cases. The method comprises the steps of: providing abiological sample obtained from the subject, which sample includes DNAor RNA, and providing an assay for detecting in the biological samplethe presence of a mutant DLC-1 gene, a mutant DLC-1 RNA, or the absence,through deletion, of the DLC-1 gene and corresponding RNA.

The foregoing assay may be assembled in the form of a diagnostic kit andpreferably comprises either: hybridization with oligonucleotides; PCRamplification of the DLC-1 gene or a part thereof using oligonucleotideprimers; RT-PCR amplification of the DLC-1 RNA or a part thereof usingoligonucleotide primers; or direct sequencing of the DLC-1 gene of thesubject's genome using oligonucleotide primers. The efficiency of thesemolecular genetic methods should permit a rapid classification ofpatients affected by deletions or mutations of the DLC-1 gene.

A further aspect of the present invention is a method for screening asubject to assay for the presence of a mutant or deleted DLC-1 gene,comprising the steps of: providing a biological sample of the subjectwhich sample contains cellular proteins, and providing an immunoassayfor quantitating the level of DLC-1 protein in the biological sample.Diagnostic methods for the detection of mutant or deleted DLC-1 genesmade possible by this invention will provide an enhanced ability todiagnose susceptibility to HCC and other cancers such as PC, BC and CRC.

Another aspect of the present invention is an antibody preparationcomprising antibodies that specifically detect the DLC-1 protein,wherein the antibodies are selected from the group consisting ofmonoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate the utility of this inventionis not limited to the specific experimental modes and materialsdescribed herein.

The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention willbecome more apparent from the following detailed description andaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a digital image of a Southern blot which compares primary HCCtumor cells (T) with healthy normal liver cells (N), and demonstrates agenomic deletion of the L7-3 clone in the HCC cells. Primary tumors94-25T, 95-03T and 95-06T showed 50% decrease of DNA intensity ascompared with normal liver tissues.

FIG. 2 is a digital image of a Southern blot which comparesrepresentative HCC cell lines with healthy liver cells (NL-DNA), anddemonstrates a genomic deletion of the L7-3 clone in 9 of 11 HCC celllines. Cell lines Sk-Hep-1, PLC/PRF/5, WRL, Focus, HLF, Hep3B, Huh-7,Huh-6, Chang showed reduction of DNA intensity compared with humannormal liver genomic DNA.

FIG. 3 is a digital image of a Southern blot which comparesrepresentative primary human breast cancers (T) with healthy normalblood cells (N) from the same patient, and demonstrates a genomicdeletion of the DLC-1 gene in 7 of 15 primary breast cancers. Arepresentative 10 of the 15 primary tumors are shown. DNA was digestedwith either (a) BglII or (b) BamHI. Cell lines IC11T, IC12T, IC13T,IC2T, IC6T, and IC7T showed reduction of DNA intensity compared withnormal DNA.

FIG. 4 is a digital image of a Southern blot which comparesrepresentative human colon cancer cell lines with normal DNA (lane 1),and demonstrates a genomic deletion of the DLC-1 gene in two out of fivecolon cancer cell lines. Cell lines SW1116 and SW403 (lanes 5 and 6)showed reduction of DNA intensity compared with normal DNA (lane 1).

FIG. 5 is a digital image of a Northern blot showing the mRNA expressionof the DLC-1 gene in normal human tissues. The DLC-1 gene is expressedin all normal tissues tested as a 7.5 kb major transcript and a 4.5 kbminor transcript.

FIG. 6 is a digital image of a Northern blot comparing the mRNAexpression of DLC-1 gene in normal human tissues (NL-RNA) and HCC celllines. DLC-1 mRNA expression was decreased or not detected in the WRL,7703, Chang and Focus HCC cell lines.

FIG. 7 is a digital image of a Northern blot comparing the mRNAexpression of DLC-1 gene in normal human tissues (CDD33C0) and humancolon cancer cell lines. DLC-1 mRNA was expression was decreased or notdetected in HCT-15, LS147T, DLD-1, HD29, SW1116, T84, SW1417, SW403,SW948, LS180, and SW48 cell lines.

FIG. 8 is a digital image of a Northern blot showing the mRNA expressionof DLC-1 gene in three human prostate cancer cell lines. DLC-1 mRNA wasnot detected in the LN-Cap and SP3504 cell lines.

FIG. 9 is a schematic drawing of the human DLC-1 gene. Exons 1-14 arerepresented by boxes, with introns represented by the lines connectingthe boxes.

FIG. 10 is a schematic drawing of how the mouse DLC-1 gene was targetedusing homologous recombination. The resulting construct can be used togenerate DLC-1 homozygous knock-out mice.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The nucleic and amino acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequencelisting are shown using standard letter abbreviations for nucleotidebases, and three letter code for amino acids. Only one strand of eachnucleic acid sequence is shown, but the complementary strand isunderstood as included by any reference to the displayed strand.

Seq. I.D. No. 1 is the nucleotide sequence of the human DLC-1 cDNA.

Seq. I.D. No. 2 is the amino acid sequence of the human DLC-1 protein.

Seq. I.D. Nos. 34 are oligonucleotide sequences of PCR primers which canbe used to amplify the entire DLC-1 cDNA molecule.

Seq. I.D. Nos. 5-6 are oligonucleotide sequences of PCR primers whichcan be used to amplify the open reading frame of the DLC-1 cDNAmolecule.

Seq. I.D. Nos. 7-8 are the oligonucleotide sequences of PCR primers usedto screen a human genomic library.

Seq. I.D. Nos. 9-11 are the oligonucleotide sequences of the primersused for 5′ and 3′ RACE.

Seq. I.D. No. 12 is the nucleotide sequence for the L7-3 probe.

Seq. I.D. No. 13 is the nucleotide sequence for the P-35 probe.

Seq. I.D. No. 14 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the humangenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 15 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the humangenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 16 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the humangenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 17 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the humangenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 18 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the humangenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 19 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the humangenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 20 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the mousegenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 21 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the mousegenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 22 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the mousegenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 23 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the mousegenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 24 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the mousegenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 25 is the nucleotide sequence for part of the mousegenomic DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 26 is the nucleotide sequence for a cDNA fragment of themouse DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 27 is the nucleotide sequence for a cDNA fragment of themouse DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 28 is the nucleotide sequence for a cDNA fragment of themouse DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 29 is the nucleotide sequence for a cDNA fragment of themouse DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 30 is the nucleotide sequence for a cDNA fragment of themouse DLC-1 sequence.

Seq. I.D. No. 31 is the nucleotide sequence for a cDNA fragment of themouse DLC-1 sequence.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention discloses the isolation of the full length cDNAand the chromosomal localization of a new gene, called the DLC-1 gene.As discussed in Examples 1-3 below, deletion of the DLC-1 gene has beendetected in about half of the primary HCC tumor cells and in a majorityof the HCC cell lines which were studied. In addition, studies of othercancers revealed that DLC-1 was also deleted in 7 of 15 primary breastcancers and in 2 of 5 CRC cell lines. Moreover, the DLC-1 gene was notexpressed in 29% of HCC cell lines, 64% of CRC cell lines and 67% of PCcell lines. These frequent deletions suggest that the DLC-1 gene is atumor suppressor gene for HCC as well as PC, BC and CRC.

The full-length cDNA for DLC-1 is 3850 bp long (Seq. I.D. No. 1) andencodes a protein of 1091 amino acids (Seq. I.D. No. 2). Fluorescent insitu hybridization has generally localized the gene on the short arm ofchromosome 8 at bands p21.3-22.

Further evidence that the DLC-1 gene acts as a tumor suppressor is foundin its 86% homology with the rat p122 RhoGAP gene (Homma and Emori,EMBO. J. 14: 286-91, 1995). The rat p122 RhoGAP gene encodes a GTPaseactivating protein that catalyzes the conversion of the active GTP-boundRho complex to an inactive GDP-bound one. The Rho family proteins, asubfamily of the Ras small GTP binding superfamily, function asimportant regulators in the organization of actin cytoskeleton (Nobes,et al., Cell 81: 53-62, 1995). Rho proteins are also involved inRas-mediated oncogenic transformation (Khosravi-Far, et al., Adv. CancerRes. 69: 59-105, 1997). GAP genes may function as tumor suppressors bydown-regulating oncogenic Rho proteins (Quilliam, et al. Bioessays 17:395-404, 1995; Wang, et al., Cancer Res. 57: 2478-84, 1997). Based onits substantial homology with the rat p122 RhoGAP gene, it appearslikely the DLC-1 gene is a human RhoGAP gene involved in the suppressionof HCC tumors.

Definitions

In order to facilitate review of the various embodiments of theinvention, the following definition of terms is provided:

Breast Carcinoma (BC): breast cancer thought to result, in someinstances, from the deletion or mutation of the DLC-1 tumor suppressorgene.

cDNA (complementary DNA): a piece of DNA lacking internal, non-codingsegments (introns) and regulatory sequences which determinetranscription. cDNA is synthesized in the laboratory by reversetranscription from messenger RNA extracted from cells.

Colorectal Carcinoma (CRC): colorectal cancer (such as adenocarcinoma)thought to result, in some instances, from the deletion or mutation ofthe DLC-1 tumor suppressor gene.

Deletion: the removal of a sequence of DNA, the regions on either sidebeing joined together.

DLC-1 gene: a gene, the mutation of which is associated withhepatocellular, breast, colon and prostate carcinomas, and particularlyadenocarcinomas of those organs A mutation of the DLC-1 gene may includenucleotide sequence changes, additions or deletions, including deletionof large portions or all of the DLC-1 gene. The term “DLC-1 gene” isunderstood to include the various sequence polymorphisms and allelicvariations that exist within the population. This term relates primarilyto an isolated coding sequence, but can also include some or all of theflanking regulatory elements and/or intron sequences.

DLC-1 cDNA: a mammalian cDNA molecule which, when transfected into DLC-1cells, expresses the DLC-1 protein. The DLC-1 cDNA can be derived byreverse transcription from the mRNA encoded by the DLC-1 gene and lacksinternal non-coding segments and transcription regulatory sequencespresent in the DLC-1 gene.

DLC-1 protein: the protein encoded by the DLC-1 cDNA, the alteredexpression or mutation of which can predispose to the development ofcertain cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma. This definition isunderstood to include the various sequence polymorphisms that exist,wherein amino acid substitutions in the protein sequence do not affectthe essential functions of the protein.

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is a long chain polymer which comprisesthe genetic material of most living organisms (some viruses have genescomprising ribonucleic acid (RNA)). The repeating units in DNA polymersare four different nucleotides, each of which comprises one of the fourbases, adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine bound to a deoxyribosesugar to which a phosphate group is attached. Triplets of nucleotides,referred to as codons, in DNA molecules code for amino acid in apolypeptide. The term codon is also used for the corresponding (andcomplementary) sequences of three nucleotides in the mRNA into which theDNA sequence is transcribed.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): liver cancer thought to result, in someinstances, from the deletion or mutation of the DLC-1 tumor suppressorgene.

Isolated: requires that the material be removed from its originalenvironment. For example, a naturally occurring DNA molecule present ina living animal is not isolated, but the same DNA molecule, separatedfrom some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, isisolated.

Mutant DLC-1 gene: a mutant form of the DLC-1 gene which in someembodiments is associated with hepatocellular, breast, colon and/orprostate carcinoma.

Mutant DLC-1 RNA: the RNA transcribed from a mutant DLC-1 gene.

Mutant DLC-1 protein: the protein encoded by a mutant DLC-1 gene.

Oligonucleotide: A linear polynucleotide sequence of up to about 200nucleotide bases in length, for example a polynucleotide (such as DNA orRNA) which is at least 6 nucleotides, for example at least 15, 50, 100or even 200 nucleotides long.

ORF: open reading frame. Contains a series of nucleotide triplets(codons) coding for amino acids without any termination codons. Thesesequences are usually translatable into protein.

PCR: polymerase chain reaction. Describes a technique in which cycles ofdenaturation, annealing with primer, and then extension with DNApolymerase are used to amplify the number of copies of a target DNAsequence.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers: The pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers useful in this invention are conventional. Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, by E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Co., Easton,Pa., 15th Edition (1975), describes compositions and formulationssuitable for pharmaceutical delivery of the fusion proteins hereindisclosed.

In general, the nature of the carrier will depend on the particular modeof administration being employed. For instance, parenteral formulationsusually comprise injectable fluids that include pharmaceutically andphysiologically acceptable fluids such as water, physiological saline,balanced salt solutions, aqueous dextrose, glycerol or the like as avehicle. For solid compositions (e.g., powder, pill, tablet, or capsuleforms), conventional non-toxic solid carriers can include, for example,pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, or magnesiumstearate. In addition to biologically-neutral carriers, pharmaceuticalcompositions to be administered can contain minor amounts of non-toxicauxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents,preservatives, and pH buffering agents and the like, for example sodiumacetate or sorbitan monolaurate.

Probes and primers: Nucleic acid probes and primers may readily beprepared based on the nucleic acids provided by this invention. A probecomprises an isolated nucleic acid attached to a detectable label orreporter molecule. Typical labels include radioactive isotopes, ligands,chemiluminescent agents, and enzymes. Methods for labeling and guidancein the choice of labels appropriate for various purposes are discussed,e.g., in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, ColdSpring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) and Ausubel et al. (Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Intersciences,1987).

Primers are short nucleic acids, for example DNA oligonucleotides 15nucleotides or more in length. Primers may be annealed to acomplementary target DNA strand by nucleic acid hybridization to form ahybrid between the primer and the target DNA strand, and then extendedalong the target DNA strand by a DNA polymerase enzyme. Primer pairs canbe used for amplification of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., by thepolymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other nucleic-acid amplificationmethods known in the art.

Methods for preparing and using probes and primers are described, forexample, in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989), Ausubel et al. (Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Intersciences,1987), and Innis et al., (PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods andApplications, Innis et al. (eds.), Academic Press, Inc., San Diego,Calif., 1990). PCR primer pairs can be derived from a known sequence,for example, by using computer programs intended for that purpose suchas Primer (Version 0.5, ©1991, Whitehead Institute for BiomedicalResearch, Cambridge, Mass.).

Prostate Carcinoma (PC): prostate cancer (such as prostaticadenocarcinoma) thought to result, in some instances, from the deletionor mutation of the DLC-1 tumor suppressor gene.

Protein: a biological molecule expressed by a gene and comprised ofamino acids.

Purified: the term “purified” does not require absolute purity; rather,it is intended as a relative term. Thus, for example, a purified proteinpreparation is one in which the protein referred to is more pure thanthe protein in its natural environment within a cell.

Recombinant: A recombinant nucleic acid is one that has a sequence thatis not naturally occurring or has a sequence that is made by anartificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence.This artificial combination is often accomplished by chemical synthesisor, more commonly, by the artificial manipulation of isolated segmentsof nucleic acids, e.g., by genetic engineering techniques.

Representational Difference Analysis (RDA): a PCR-based subtractivehybridization technique used to identify differences in the mRNAtranscripts present in closely related cell lines.

Sequence identity: the similarity between two nucleic acid sequences, ortwo amino acid sequences, is expressed in terms of the similaritybetween the sequences, otherwise referred to as sequence identity.Sequence identity is frequently measured in terms of percentage identity(or similarity or homology); the higher the percentage, the more similarare the two sequences.

Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in theart. Various programs and alignment algorithms are described in: Smithand Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482, 1981; Needleman and Wunsch, J.Mol. Bio. 48: 443, 1970; Pearson and Lipman, Methods in Mol. Biol. 24:307-31, 1988; Higgins and Sharp, Gene 73: 23744, 1988; Higgins andSharp, CABIOS 5: 151-3, 1989; Corpet et al., Nuc. Acids Res. 16:10881-90, 1988; Huang et al., Comp. Appl. BioSci. 8: 155-65, 1992; andPearson et al., Meth. Mol. Biol. 24: 307-31, 1994.

The NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al., J.Mol. Biol. 215: 403-10, 1990) is available from several sources,including the National Center for Biological Information (NBCI,Bethesda, Md.) and on the Internet, for use in connection with thesequence analysis programs blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn and tblastx.It can be accessed at http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/BLAST/. A descriptionof how to determine sequence identity using this program is available athttp://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/BLAST/blast help.html.

Homologs of the DLC-1 protein are typically characterized by possessionof at least 70% sequence identity counted over the full length alignmentwith the disclosed amino acid sequence using the NCBI Blast 2.0, gappedblastp set to default parameters. Such homologous peptides will morepreferably possess at least 75%, more preferably at least 80% and stillmore preferably at least 90% or 95% sequence identity determined by thismethod. When less than the entire sequence is being compared forsequence identity, homologs will possess at least 75% and morepreferably at least 85% and more preferably still at least 90% or 95%sequence identity over short windows of 10-20 amino acids. Methods fordetermining sequence identity over such short windows are described athttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/blast_FAQs.html. One of skill in theart will appreciate that these sequence identity ranges are provided forguidance only; it is entirely possible that strongly significanthomologs or other variants could be obtained that fall outside of theranges provided.

The present invention provides not only the peptide homologs that aredescribed above, but also nucleic acid molecules that encode suchhomologs.

Transformed: A transformed cell is a cell into which has been introduceda nucleic acid molecule by molecular biology techniques. As used herein,the term transformation encompasses all techniques by which a nucleicacid molecule might be introduced into such a cell, includingtransfection with viral vectors, transformation with plasmid vectors,and introduction of naked DNA by electroporation, lipofection, andparticle gun acceleration.

Vector: A nucleic acid molecule as introduced into a host cell, therebyproducing a transformed host cell. A vector may include nucleic acidsequences that permit it to replicate in a host cell, such as an originof replication. A vector may also include one or more selectable markergenes and other genetic elements known in the art.

VNTR probes: Variable Number of Tandem Repeat probes. These are highlypolymorphic DNA markers for human chromosomes. The polymorphism is dueto variation in the number of tandem repeats of a short DNA sequence.Use of these probes enables the DNA of an individual to be distinguishedfrom that derived from another individual.

Tumor: a neoplasm

Neoplasm: abnormal growth of cells

Cancer: malignant neoplasm that has undergone characteristic anaplasiawith loss of differentiation, increased rate of growth, invasion ofsurrounding tissue, and is capable of metastasis.

Malignant: cells which have the properties of anaplasia invasion andmetastasis.

Normal cells: Non-tumor, non-malignant cells

Mammal: This term includes both human and non-human mammals. Similarly,the term “patient” includes both human and veterinary subjects.

Animal: Living multicellular vertebrate organisms, a category whichincludes, for example, mammals and birds.

Transgenic Cell: transformed cells which contain foreign, non-nativeDNA.

Additional definitions of common terms in molecular biology may be foundin Lewin, B. “Genes V” published by Oxford University Press.

Materials and Methods

Primary HCC Samples and HCC Cell Lines

All of the primary liver tumor DNAs were obtained from surgicalresection of HCC tissues from patients in Qidong, China. Each tumorsample was matched with its surrounding non-cancerous liver tissue. DNAswere extracted after diagnosis of HCC with or without cirrhosis. Thetumors were Hepatitis B virus (HBV) positive for HBVsAg and/or PCRdetection of HBVx gene. HCC cell lines were obtained from ATCC(Manassas, Va.), Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, China, and Dr. Curtis C.Harris (Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Division of Basic Sciences,National Cancer Institute) (Wang, et al., Chin. J. Oncol. 3: 241-4,1981).

Breast, Prostate and Colorectal Carcinomas

All normal and CRC (adenocarcinomas) cell lines were purchased from ATCC(Manassas, Va.). The PC cell lines (also adenocarcinomas) were obtainedfrom The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston,Tex.). The DNA from primary breast carcinomas and blood cells wereobtained from patients in Iceland.

Manipulation of Genetic Material

Unless otherwise specified, manipulation of genetic material wasperformed according to standard laboratory procedures, such as thosedescribed in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) and Ausubel et al. (Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Intersciences,1987).

Representational Difference Analysis (RDA)

One primary HCC, having a homozygous point mutation of the p53 gene, butnot in its surrounding, non-cancerous liver tissue, was selected foranalysis. RDA was performed as originally described in Lisitsyn et al.(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 151-5, 1995), with tumor DNA as testerand normal liver DNA as driver. BglII (Promega, Madison, Wis.) waschosen as the restriction enzyme and its adaptors were used for directpreparation of amplicons and PCR-based subtractive hybridization. Thefinal difference products showing distinct bands in agarose gel wererecovered after BglII digestion and ligated into the BglII site ofdephosphorylated pSP72 vector (Promega). The recombinant differenceproducts were then transfected into E. coli DH10B.

Characterization of RDA Probes

Plasmids with distinct DNA inserts were selected for further analysis.DNA sequencing was performed using the Dye Terminator Cycle DNASequencing kit (Perkin Elmer, Rockville, Md.). Sequencing reactionproducts were purified by spin columns (Princeton Separations, Adelphia,N.J.), and run on a 377 DNA Sequencer (Perkin Elmer/Applied Biosystems,Foster City, Calif.). The homology analysis was carried out by BLASTsearch of the GenBank DNA databases (Altschul, et al., J. Mol. Biol.215: 403-10, 1990). The RDA products that elicited significant homologyor appeared in multiple clones, were selected for further Southern blotand/or Northern blot analysis.

Conditions for Southern Analysis

Genomic DNA was isolated from tumor and non-tumor cell lysates anddigested with restriction enzymes. The digested DNA was separated byelectrophoresis in a 1% agarose gel and transferred to nylon membranefor hybridization. 50 ng of DNA probe was radio-labeled (Prime-It RmT,Stratagene) as per the manufacturers instructions and used forhybridization. A probe for beta-actin was used as a standard to controlfor the amount of DNA loaded. Hybridization was performed at 68° C. for24 hours using Quickhybrid solution (Stratagene). Followinghybridization, the membranes were washed three times at 37° C. for 10min in 1×SSC solution containing 0.1×SDS. This was followed by a singlewash at 62° C. for 30 min in 0.1×SSC solution containing 0.1×SDS. Blotswere exposed to a Phospholmager, and analyzed using Software ImageQuantVersion 3.3 (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.) for quantitativeanalysis.

Conditions for Northern Analysis

Total RNA was extracted from cell lysates using TRIzol solution(Gibco-BRL), which was then separated in a 1% agarose gel andtransferred to nylon membrane for hybridization. 50 ng of DNA probe wasradio-labeled (Prime-It RmT, Stratagene) as per the manufacturersinstructions and used for hybridization. A probe for GAPDH or beta-actinwas used as a control for the amount of RNA loaded. Hybridization,washing, and analysis was performed as described above for SouthernHybridization.

5′ and 3′ RACE and cDNA Library Screening for cDNA Cloning

5′ and 3′ RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) were started from adeleted fragment detected with RDA, and performed using human placentaMarathon™ cDNA as template (Clontech, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.). Theprimers used for RACE, generated from the L7-3 sequence (Seq. I.D. No.12), are as follows:

PrRACE5: 5′CACTCCGGTCCTTGTAGTCTGGAACC 3′ (Seq. I.D. No. 9) was used forthe first round of PCR for 5′ RACE.

PrPACE5N: 5′ ATCCTCTTCATGAACTCGGGCACGG 3′ (Seq. I.D. No. 10) was used asthe nested primer in the second round of 5′ RACE.

PrRACE3: 5′ GATCAAGGTTCTAGACTACAAGGACCG 3′ (Seq. I.D. No. 11) was usedfor 3′ RACE.

The final 5′ RACE product, exhibiting the same band pattern as thedeleted fragment in Northern blot hybridization, was labeled withα-[³²P]-dCTP to screen a 5′ Strech cDNA library constructed from humanlung tissue (Clontech, Inc.). The lambda DNA of positive clones wasconverted into plasmid DNA by transfecting lambda DNA into AM1 bacterialcells. The full-length cDNA sequencing of positive clones was completedby primer walking and assembled by Sequencher™ 3.1 program.

Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) Gene Mapping and ComparativeGenomic Hybridization (CGH)

A genomic probe isolated from human P1 library was labeled with biotinand used for FISH chromosomal localization and CGH analysis. For bothanalyses, chromosomes prepared from methotrexate-synchronized normalperipheral lymphocyte cultures were used. The original CGH protocol,described in Kallioniemi et al. (Science 258: 818-21, 1992), wasemployed with minor modifications. The conditions of hybridization, thedetection of hybridization signals, digital-image acquisition,processing and analysis, and direct fluorescent signal localization onbanded chromosomes were performed as previously described in Zimonjic etal. (Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 80: 100-2, 1995).

The following examples are illustrative of the scope of the presentinvention.

EXAMPLE 1 Detection of DLC-1 Deletion in Liver Cancer Cells by RDA

Primary HCC tumor samples, matched with surrounding non-cancerous livertissue, were obtained as described above and analyzed by RDA. SeveralRDA difference products were observed after the third round ofhybridization/selection as distinct bands in agarose gel. Twentyindividual fragments were isolated and analyzed by Southern blothybridization for deletions. One clone, L7-3, of 600 bp (Seq. I.D. No.12), showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the primary tumor (FIG. 1).BLAST search revealed that the L7-3 clone had homology to rat p122RhoGAP cDNA (Homma and Emori, EMBO. J. 14: 286-91, 1995).

EXAMPLE 2 Southern Analysis

HCC Cell Lines

To determine if the L7-3 clone is represented in a region recurrentlydeleted in HCC, 15 primary HCC tumors and 11 HCC-derived cell lines wereexamined using Southern analysis as described above. The DNA wasdigested with BglII, and probed with L7-3 (Seq. I.D. No. 12). Seven ofthe fifteen primary HCC tumors (representatives are shown in FIG. 1) and9 of the 11 HCC cell lines (FIG. 2) had a genomic deletion of the L7-3clone compared to no deletions in the normal liver cells.

Primary Breast Carcinomas

Using Southern analysis as described above, primary human breast cancerand corresponding patient blood cell DNA was digested with BglII (FIG. 3a) or BamHI (FIG. 3 b) and probed with full-length DLC-1 cDNA (Seq. I.D.No. 1). Genomic deletions of DLC-1 gene were detected in 7 of 15 humanprimary breast cancers (representatives are shown in FIG. 3). Deletionswere noted if the DNA intensity of the tumor tissues exhibited at leasthalf the intensity when compared with their normal tissue DNA. SamplesIC11T, IC12T, IC13T, IC2T, IC6T, IC7T are representative for the genomicdeletions in these experiments.

Southern analysis of these cells resulted in several bands. As a controlfor DNA loading, the bands that remained unchanged in the tumor cellswere used.

Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines

Using Southern analysis as described above, normal genomic DNA (Promega)and the DNA from five CRC cell lines were digested with EcoRI, andprobed with a mixture of L7-3 and P-35 (Seq. I.D. Nos. 12 and 13) whichcorrespond to exon 2 and exon 7 of the human DLC-1 gene (see FIG. 9),respectively. Genomic deletions of DLC-1 gene were detected in two offive human CRC cell lines (FIG. 4). Cell lines SW403 and SW1116 showedhalf of the DNA intensity for probe P-35 when compared with normalgenomic DNA (compare lanes 5 and 6 with lane 1). Interestingly, thesignal was unaltered when the L7-3 probe was used, indicating that thisregion (exon 2) is not responsible for the development of CRC in thesecell lines. Therefore, the signal from L7-3 can be used as an internalcontrol for the amount of DNA loaded.

EXAMPLE 3 Northern Analysis

HCC Cell Lines

Considering the significant DNA sequence homology of the L7-3 clone withrat RhoGAP cDNA, its mRNA expression was examined in both normal humantissues and HCC-derived cell lines by Northern analysis as describedabove. Analysis of mRNA isolated from several normal human tissues,including liver, demonstrated that the L7-3 clone (Seq. I.D. No. 12)hybridized to a 7.5 kb (major) transcript and a 4.5 kb (minor)transcript (FIG. 5) that were detected in all normal tissues but not in4 (WRL, 7703, Chang and Focus) out of 14 human HCC-derived cell lines(FIG. 6).

Colorectal Carcinomas

Using Northern analysis as described above, RNA from normal and CRC celllines was prepared and probed with the full-length DLC-1 cDNA (Seq. I.D.No. 1). In human CRC cell lines, 11 out of 17 (HCT-15, LS147T, DLD-1,HD29, SW1116, T84, SW1417, SW403, SW948, LS180, SW48) showed noticeablydecreased or no expression of DLC-1 mRNA (FIG. 7). In this experiment,the normal human colon fibroblast cell line CDD33C0 was used as a normalcontrol.

Prostate Carcinomas

Using Northern analysis as described above, RNA from PC cell lines wasprepared and probed with the full-length DLC-1 cDNA (Seq. I.D. No. 1).Low levels or no DLC-1 gene expression was demonstrated by in two(LN-Cap and SP3504) out of three human PC cell lines (FIG. 8).

EXAMPLE 4 Obtaining the DLC-1 cDNA

The cDNA for the clone L7-3 was obtained by 5′ RACE and 3′ RACE coupledwith cDNA library screening as described above. The full-length cDNA ofDLC-1 gene is 3850 bp long (Seq. I.D. No. 1) and encodes a protein of1091 amino acids (Seq. I.D. No. 2). The estimated molecular weight ofDLC-1 protein is 125 kD. The untranslated regions of 5′ end and 3′ endof DLC-1 gene are 324 bp and 250 bp, respectively (Seq. I.D. No. 1).

EXAMPLE 5 Chromosomal Localization of Human DLC-1

The DLC-1 gene was chromosomally localized using the materials andmethods described above. The majority of metaphases hybridized withbiotin or digoxigenin-labeled genomic probe had fluorescent signal atidentical sites on both chromatids of the short arm of chromosome 8. Thesignal was analyzed in 100 metaphases with both homologous labeled.Fifty metaphases were examined by imaging of DAPI generated and enhancedG-like banding. The fluorescent signals were distributed within region8p21-22 However, over 50% of doublets were at bands 8p21.3-22, the mostlikely location of the DLC-1 gene.

To further characterize the region harboring the DLC-1 gene, the primarytumor DNA used as tester in RDA (94-25T) was analyzed by CGH. Thefluorescence profile for chromosome 8 demonstrated DNA loss on region of8p23-q 11.2 and gain on region of 8q21.1-q24.3.

EXAMPLE 6 Cloning and Characterization of Human DLC-1

The DLC-1 cDNA sequence (Seq. I.D. No. I) described above does notcontain the introns, upstream transcriptional promoter or regulatoryregions or downstream transcriptional regulatory regions of the DLC-1gene. It is possible that some mutations in the DLC-1 gene that may leadto HCC are not included in the cDNA but rather are located in otherregions of the DLC-1 gene. Mutations located outside of the open readingframe that encodes the DLC-1 protein are not likely to affect thefunctional activity of the protein but rather are likely to result inaltered levels of the protein in the cell. For example, mutations in thepromoter region of the DLC-1 gene may prevent transcription of the geneand therefore lead to the complete absence of the DLC-1 protein in thecell.

Additionally, mutations within intron sequences in the genomic gene mayalso prevent expression of the DLC-1 protein. Following transcription ofa gene containing introns, the intron sequences are removed from the RNAmolecule in a process termed splicing prior to translation of the RNAmolecule which results in production of the encoded protein. When theRNA molecule is spliced to remove the introns, the cellular enzymes thatperform the splicing function recognize sequences around the intron/exonborder and in this manner recognize the appropriate splice sites. Ifthere is a mutation within the sequence of the intron close to thejunction of the intron with an exon, the enzymes may not recognize thejunction and may fail to remove the intron. If this occurs, the encodedprotein will likely be defective. Thus, mutations inside the intronsequences within the DLC-1 gene (termed “splice site mutations”) mayalso lead to the development of HCC. However, knowledge of the exonstructure and intronic splice site sequences of the DLC-1 gene isrequired to define the molecular basis of these abnormalities. Theprovision herein of the DLC-1 cDNA sequence (Seq. I.D. No. 1) enablesthe cloning of the entire DLC-1 gene (including the promoter and otherregulatory regions and the intron sequences) and the determination ofits nucleotide sequence. With this information in hand, diagnosis of agenetic predisposition to HCC and other cancers based on DNA analysiswill comprehend all possible mutagenic events at the DLC-1 locus.

The ATCC deposit (98676) of the genomic DLC-1 gene may be utilized inaspects of the present invention. Alternatively, the DLC-1 gene may beisolated by one or more routine procedures, including PCR-basedscreening of a human genomic P1 library as described above.Alternatively, the method described in WO 93/22435 can be utilized. Forexample, a YAC library of human genomic sequences (Monaco and Lehrach,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88: 4123-7, 1991) is screened for theDLC-1 gene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The library isarranged in a number (e.g., 39) of primary DNA pools, prepared fromhigh-density grids each containing around 300-400 YAC clones. Primarypools are screened by PCR to identify a pool which contains a positiveclone. A secondary PCR screen is then performed on the appropriate setof eight row and 12 column pools, as described by Bentley et al.(Genomics 12: 534-41, 1992). PCR primers based on the DLC-1 cDNAsequence are used as a sequence tagged site (STS) for the 3′ region ofthe gene. The yeast DNA is then amplified with these primers by PCR for30 cycles of 94° C. for 1 minute, 60° C. for 1 minute and 72° C. for 1minute, with a final 5 minute extension at 72° C. Confirmation thatpositive YAC clones contain the majority of the coding sequence of theDLC-1 genomic gene is obtained by amplification of an STS from the 5′end of the cDNA. Exon boundaries of the DLC-1 gene are thencharacterized, e.g., by the vectorette PCR method. This strategy hasbeen described in detail previously (Roberts et al., Genomics 13:942-50, 1992).

With the sequences of the DLC-1 cDNA and DLC-1 gene in hand, primersderived from these sequences may be used in diagnostic tests (describedbelow) to determine the presence of mutations in any part of the genomicDLC-1 gene of a patient. Such primers will be oligonucleotidescomprising a fragment of sequence from the DLC-1 gene (either intronsequence, exon sequence or a sequence spanning an intron-exon boundary)and will comprise at least 15 consecutive nucleotides of the DLC-1 cDNAor gene. It will be appreciated that greater specificity may be achievedby using primers of greater lenghts. Thus, in order to obtain enhancedspecificity, the primers used may comprise 20, 25, 30 or even 50consecutive nucleotides of the DLC-1 cDNA or gene. Furthermore, with theprovision of the DLC-1 intron sequence information the analysis of alarge and as yet untapped source of patient material for mutations willnow be possible using methods such as chemical cleavage of mismatches(Cotton et al., Proc Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 85: 4397401, 1988; Montandonet al., Nucleic Acids Res. 9: 3347-58, 1989) and single-strandconformational polymorphism analysis (Orita et al., Genomics 5: 874-879,1989).

Additional experiments may now be performed to identify and characterizeregulatory elements flanking the DLC-1 gene. These regulatory elementsmay be characterized by standard techniques including deletion analyseswherein successive nucleotides of a putative regulatory region areremoved and the effect of the deletions are studied by either transientor long-term expression analyses experiments. The identification andcharacterization of regulatory elements flanking the genomic DLC-1 genemay be made by functional experimentation (deletion analyses, etc.) inmammalian cells by either transient or long-term expression analyses.

Having provided a genomic clone for the human DLC-1 gene (Seq. I.D. Nos.14-19), it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that either thegenomic clone or the cDNA or sequences derived from these clones may beutilized in applications of this invention, including but not limitedto, studies of the expression of the DLC-1 gene, studies of the functionof the DLC-1 protein, the generation of antibodies to the DLC-1 proteindiagnosis and therapy of DLC-1 deleted or mutated patients to prevent ortreat the onset of HCC. Descriptions of applications describing the useof DLC-1 cDNA are therefore intended to comprehend the use of thegenomic DLC-1 gene. It will also be apparent to one skilled in the artthat homologs of this gene may now be cloned from other species, such asthe rat or the mouse, by standard cloning methods. Such homologs will beuseful in the production of animal models of HCC.

To facilitate the detection of point mutations in liver and othercancers that exhibit alteration at region 8p12-22, the human DLC-1 genewas cloned and the intron/exon sequences characterized (Seq. I.D. Nos.14-19 and FIG. 9).

Human DLC-1 is approximately 25 kb, and contains 14 exons. The largestexon is exon 2, at 1.5 kb, while the remaining exons are less than 300bp on average (FIG. 9).

EXAMPLE 7 Cloning Mouse DLC-1

A full understanding of the function of DLC-1 and its role in cancerdevelopment is essential. This understanding can be facilitated by thegeneration of knock-out mice, which contain a non-functional DLC-1 gene.Prior to generating knock-out mice, the partial cDNA (Seq. I.D. Nos.26-31) and partial genomic (Seq. I.D. Nos. 20-25) mouse DLC-1 sequenceswere determined.

Mouse DLC-1 genomic DNA was cloned and localized to chromosome 8 by FISH(see above for methods) using a mouse DLC-1 genomic DNA clone as theprobe. Mouse DLC-1 is in a syntenic region of the human DLC-1 gene. Thelocalization of DLC-1 gene in mice may permit studies with in vivomodels for carcinogenesis.

EXAMPLE 8 Generating Transgenic Mice

Methods for generating transgenic mice are described in Gene Targeting,A. L. Joyuner ed., Oxford University Press, 1995 and Watson, J. D. etal., Recombinant DNA 2^(nd) Ed., W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, 1992,Chapter 14. To specifically generate transgenic mice containing afunctional deletion of the DLC-1 gene, a 1.5 kb fragment in the front ofexon 2 and another 5.5 kb fragment spanning from intron 2 to intron 5were used as short arm and long arm, respectively. Between long arm andshort arm, the neo gene was introduced, generating the vector shown inFIG. 10, referred to as the knock-out vector herein.

Using standard transgenic mouse technology, the vector shown in FIG. 10can be used to generate DLC-1 knock-out mice by homologousrecombination. The knock-out vector is introduced into embryonic stemcells (ES cells) by standard methods which may include transfection,retroviral infection or electroporation (also see Example 11). Thetransfected ES cells expressing the knock-out vector will grow in mediumcontaining the antibiotic G418. The neomycin resistant ES cells will bemicroinjected into mouse embryos (blastocysts), which are implanted intothe uterus of pseudopregnant mice. The litter will be screened forchimeric mice by observing their coat color. Chimeric mice are ones inwhich the injected ES cells developed into the germ line, therebyallowing transmission of the gene to their offspring. The resultingheterozygotic mice will be mated to generate a homozygous line oftransgenic mice functionally deleted for DLC-1. These homozygous micewill then be screened phenotypically, for example, their predispositionto developing cancer.

EXAMPLE 9 Preferred Method of Making the DLC-1 cDNA

The foregoing discussion describes the original means by which the DLC-1cDNA was obtained and also provides the nucleotide sequence of thisclone. With the provision of this sequence information, the polymerasechain reaction (PCR) may now be utilized in a more direct and simplemethod for producing the DLC-1 cDNA.

Essentially, total RNA is extracted from human cells by any one of avariety of methods routinely used; Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) and Ausubel et al.(In Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associatesand Wiley-Intersciences, 1987) provide descriptions of methods for RNAisolation. Any human cell line derived from a non-DLC-1 deletedindividual would be suitable, such as the widely used HeLa cell line, orthe WI-38 human skin fibroblast cell line available from the AmericanType Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. The extracted RNA is then usedas a template for performing the reverse transcription-polymerase chainreaction (RT-PCR) amplification of cDNA. Methods and conditions forRT-PCR are described in Kawasaki et al. (In PCR Protocols, A Guide toMethods and Applications, Innis et al. (eds.), pp. 21-27, AcademicPress, Inc., San Diego, Calif., 1990). The selection of PCR primers willbe made according to the portions of the cDNA which are to be amplified.Primers may be chosen to amplify small segments of a cDNA or the entirecDNA molecule. Variations in amplification conditions may be required toaccommodate primers of differing lengths; such considerations are wellknown in the art and are discussed in Innis et al. (PCR Protocols, AGuide to Methods and Applications, Innis et al. (eds.), Academic Press,Inc., San Diego, Calif., 1990). The entire DLC-1 cDNA molecule may beamplified using the following combination of primers: 5′ TAT GGG CTC GAGCGG CCG CCC 3′ (Seq. I.D. No.3) 5′ CGC ACA GTC TTA CAT ATT CCA 3′ (Seq.I.D. No.4)

The open reading frame of the cDNA molecule may be amplified using thefollowing combination of primers: (Seq. I.D. No.5) 5′ ATG TGC AGA AAGAAG CCG GAC ACC 3′ (Seq. I.D. No.6) 5′ CCT AGA TTT GGT GTC TTT GGT TTC3′These primers are illustrative only; it will be appreciated by oneskilled in the art that many different primers may be derived from theprovided cDNA sequence in order to amplify particular regions of thesecDNAs.

EXAMPLE 10 Sequence Variants of DLC-1

The nucleotide sequence of the DLC-1 cDNA (Seq. I.D. No. 1) and theamino acid sequence of the DLC-1 protein (Seq. I.D. No. 2) which isencoded by that cDNA, respectively are shown in FIG. 5. Having presentedthe nucleotide sequence of the DLC-1 cDNA and the amino acid sequence ofthe protein, this invention now also facilitates the creation of DNAmolecules, and thereby proteins, which are derived from those disclosedbut which vary in their precise nucleotide or amino acid sequence fromthose disclosed. Such variants may be obtained through a combination ofstandard molecular biology laboratory techniques and the nucleotidesequence information disclosed by this invention.

Variant DNA molecules include those created by standard DNA mutagenesistechniques, for example, M13 primer mutagenesis. Details of thesetechniques are provided in Sambrook et al. (In Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, Ch. 15). By the useof such techniques, variants may be created which differ in minor waysfrom those disclosed. DNA molecules and nucleotide sequences which arederivatives of those specifically disclosed herein and which differ fromthose disclosed by the deletion, addition or substitution of nucleotideswhile still encoding a protein which possesses the functionalcharacteristic of the DLC-1 protein are comprehended by this invention.Also within the scope of this invention are small DNA molecules whichare derived from the disclosed DNA molecules. Such small DNA moleculesinclude oligonucleotides suitable for use as hybridization probes orpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. As such, these small DNAmolecules will comprise at least a segment of the DLC-1 cDNA molecule orthe DLC-1 gene and, for the purposes of PCR, will comprise at least a 15nucleotide sequence and, more preferably, a 20-50 nucleotide sequence ofthe DLC-1 cDNA (Seq. I.D. No. 1) or the DLC-1 gene (Seq. I.D. Nos.14-19) (i.e., at least 20-50 consecutive nucleotides of the DLC-1 cDNAor gene sequences). DNA molecules and nucleotide sequences which arederived from the disclosed DNA molecules as described above may also bedefined as DNA sequences which hybridize under stringent conditions tothe DNA sequences disclosed, or fragments thereof.

Hybridization conditions resulting in particular degrees of stringencywill vary depending upon the nature of the hybridization method ofchoice and the composition and length of the hybridizing DNA used.Generally, the temperature of hybridization and the ionic strength(especially the Na⁺ concentration) of the hybridization buffer willdetermine the stringency of hybridization. Calculations regardinghybridization conditions required for attaining particular degrees ofstringency are discussed by Sambrook et al. (In Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989 ch. 9 and 11), hereinincorporated by reference. By way of illustration only, a hybridizationexperiment may be performed by hybridization of a DNA molecule (forexample, a deviation of the DLC-1 cDNA) to a target DNA molecule (forexample, the DLC-1 cDNA) which has been electrophoresed in an agarosegel and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane by Southern blotting(Southern, J. Mol. Biol. 98: 503, 1975), a technique well known in theart and described in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A LaboratoryManual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). Hybridization with a targetprobe labeled with [³²P]-dCTP is generally carried out in a solution ofhigh ionic strength such as 6×SSC at a temperature that is 20-25° C.below the melting temperature, T_(m), described below. For such Southernhybridization experiments where the target DNA molecule on the Southernblot contains 10 ng of DNA or more, hybridization is typically carriedout for 6-8 hours using 1-2 ng/ml radiolabeled probe (of specificactivity equal to 10⁹ CPM/μg or greater). Following hybridization, thenitrocellulose filter is washed to remove background hybridization. Thewashing conditions should be as stringent as possible to removebackground hybridization but to retain a specific hybridization signal.The term T_(m) represents the temperature above which, under theprevailing ionic conditions, the radiolabeled probe molecule will nothybridize to its target DNA molecule. The T_(m) of such a hybridmolecule may be estimated from the following equation (Bolton andMcCarthy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48: 1390, 1962):T _(m)=81.5° C.−16.6(log₁₀ [Na ⁺])+0.41(% G+C)−0.63(% formamide)−(600/l)Where l=the length of the hybrid in base pairs.This equation is valid for concentrations of Na⁺ in the range of 0.01 Mto 0.4 M, and it is less accurate for calculations of T_(m) in solutionsof higher [Na⁺]. The equation is also primarily valid for DNAs whose G+Ccontent is in the range of 30% to 75%, and it applies to hybrids greaterthan 100 nucleotides in length (the behavior of oligonucleotide probesis described in detail in Ch. 11 of Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).

Thus, by way of example, for a 150 base pair DNA probe derived from theopen reading frame of the DLC-1 cDNA (with a hypothetical % GC=45%), acalculation of hybridization conditions required to give particularstringencies may be made as follows:

For this example, it is assumed that the filter will be washed in0.3×SSC solution following hybridization, thereby:

-   -   [Na⁺]=0.045M    -   % GC=45%    -   Formamide concentration=0    -   l=150 base pairs        $T_{m}\quad = \quad{81.5\quad - \quad{16\left( {\log_{10}\left\lbrack {Na}^{+} \right\rbrack} \right)}\quad + \quad\left( {0.41 \times \quad 45} \right)\quad - \frac{(600)}{(150)}}$    -   and so T_(m)=74.4° C.

The T_(m) of double-stranded DNA decreases by 1-1.5° C. with every 1%decrease in homology (Bonner et al., J. Mol. Biol. 81: 123, 1973).Therefore, for this given example, washing the filter in 0.3×SSC at59.4-64.4° C. will produce a stringency of hybridization equivalent to90%; that is, DNA molecules with more than 10% sequence variationrelative to the target DLC-1 cDNA will not hybridize. Alternatively,washing the hybridized filter in 0.3×SSC at a temperature of 65.4-68.4°C. will yield a hybridization stringency of 94%; that is, DNA moleculeswith more than 6% sequence variation relative to the target DLC-1 cDNAmolecule will not hybridize. The above example is given entirely by wayof theoretical illustration. One skilled in the art will appreciate thatother hybridization techniques may be utilized and that variations inexperimental conditions will necessitate alternative calculations forstringency.

In particular embodiments of the present invention, stringent conditionsmay be defined as those under which DNA molecules with more than 25%sequence variation (also termed “mismatch”) will not hybridize. In amore particular embodiment, stringent conditions are those under whichDNA molecules with more than 15% mismatch will not hybridize, and morepreferably still, stringent conditions are those under which DNAsequences with more than 10% mismatch will not hybridize. In anotherembodiment, stringent conditions are those under which DNA sequenceswith more than 6% mismatch will not hybridize.

The degeneracy of the genetic code further widens the scope of thepresent invention as it enables major variations in the nucleotidesequence of a DNA molecule while maintaining the amino acid sequence ofthe encoded protein. For example, the sixteenth amino acid residue ofthe DLC-1 protein is alanine. This is encoded in the DLC-1 cDNA by thenucleotide codon triplet GCC. Because of the degeneracy of the geneticcode, three other nucleotide codon triplets, GCT, GCG and GCA, also codefor alanine. Thus, the nucleotide sequence of the DLC-1 cDNA could bechanged at this position to any of these three codons without affectingthe amino acid composition of the encoded protein or the characteristicsof the protein. The genetic code and variations in nucleotide codons forparticular amino acids is presented in Tables 1 and 2. Based upon thedegeneracy of the genetic code, variant DNA molecules may be derivedfrom the cDNA molecules disclosed herein using standard DNA mutagenesistechniques as described above, or by synthesis of DNA sequences. DNAsequences which do not hybridize under stringent conditions to the cDNAsequences disclosed by virtue of sequence variation based on thedegeneracy of the genetic code are herein also comprehended by thisinvention.

The invention also includes DNA sequences that are substantiallyidentical to any of the DNA sequences disclosed herein, wheresubstantially identical means a sequence that has identical nucleotidesin at least 75% of the aligned nucleotides, for example 80%, 85%, 90%,95% or 98% identity of the aligned sequences. TABLE 1 The Genetic CodeFirst Third Position Second Position Position (5′ end) T C A G (3′ end)T Phe Ser Tyr Cys T Phe Ser Tyr Cys C Leu Ser Stop (och) Stop A Leu SerStop (amb) Trp G C Leu Pro His Arg T Leu Pro His Arg C Leu Pro Gln Arg ALeu Pro Gln Arg G A Ile Thr Asn Ser T Ile Thr Asn Ser C Ile Thr Lys ArgA Met Thr Lys Arg G G Val Ala Asp Gly T Val Ala Asp Gly C Val Ala GluGly A Val (Met) Ala Glu Gly G“Stop (och)” stands for the ochre termination triplet, and “Stop (amb)”for the amber. ATG is the most common initiator codon; GTG usually codesfor valine, but it can also code for methionine to initiate an mRNAchain.

TABLE 2 The Degeneracy of the Genetic Code Number of Total Number ofSynonymous Codons Amino Acid Codons 6 Leu, Ser, Arg 18 4 Gly, Pro, Ala,Val, Thr 20 3 Ile 3 2 Phe, Tyr, Cys, His, Gln, 18 Glu, Asn, Asp, Lys 1Met, Trp 2 Total number of codons for amino acids 61 Number of codonsfor termination 3 Total number of codons in genetic code 64

One skilled in the art will recognize that the DNA mutagenesistechniques described above may be used not only to produce variant DNAmolecules, but will also facilitate the production of proteins whichdiffer in certain structural aspects from the DLC-1 protein, yet whichproteins are clearly derivative of this protein and which maintain theessential characteristics of the DLC-1 protein. Newly derived proteinsmay also be selected in order to obtain variations on the characteristicof the DLC-1 protein, as will be more fully described below. Suchderivatives include those with variations in amino acid sequenceincluding minor deletions, additions and substitutions.

While the site for introducing an amino acid sequence variation ispredetermined, the mutation per se need not be predetermined. Forexample, in order to optimize the performance of a mutation at a givensite, random mutagenesis may be conducted at the target codon or regionand the expressed protein variants screened for the optimal combinationof desired activity. Techniques for making substitution mutations atpredetermined sites in DNA having a known sequence as described aboveare well known.

Amino acid substitutions are typically of single residues; insertionsusually will be on the order of about from 1 to 10 amino acid residues;and deletions will range about from 1 to 30 residues. Deletions orinsertions preferably are made in adjacent pairs, i.e., a deletion of 2residues or insertion of 2 residues. Substitutions, deletions,insertions or any combination thereof may be combined to arrive at afinal construct. Obviously, the mutations that are made in the DNAencoding the protein must not place the sequence out of reading frameand preferably will not create complementary regions that could producesecondary mRNA structure.

Substitutional variants are those in which at least one residue in theamino acid sequence has been removed and a different residue inserted inits place. Such substitutions generally are made in accordance with thefollowing Table 3 when it is desired to finely modulate thecharacteristics of the protein. Table 3 shows amino acids which may besubstituted for an original amino acid in a protein and which areregarded as conservative substitutions. TABLE 3 Original ResidueConservative Substitutions Ala Ser Arg Lys Asn gln, his Asp Glu Cys SerGln Asn Glu Asp Gly Pro His asn; gln Ile leu, val Leu ile; val Lys arg;gln; glu Met leu; ile Phe met; leu; tyr Ser Thr Thr Ser Trp Tyr Tyr trp;phe Val ile; leu

Substantial changes in function or immunological identity are made byselecting substitutions that are less conservative than those in Table3, i.e., selecting residues that differ more significantly in theireffect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone inthe area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helicalconformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at thetarget site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. The substitutions whichin general are expected to produce the greatest changes in proteinproperties will be those in which (a) a hydrophilic residue, e.g., serylor threonyl, is substituted for (or by) a hydrophobic residue, e.g.,leucyl, isoleucyl, phenylalanyl, valyl or alanyl; (b) a cysteine orproline is substituted for (or by) any other residue; (c) a residuehaving an electropositive side chain, e.g., lysyl, arginyl, or histadyl,is substituted for (or by) an electronegative residue, e.g., glutamyl oraspartyl; or (d) a residue having a bulky side chain, e.g.,phenylalanine, is substituted for (or by) one not having a side chain,e.g., glycine.

The effects of these amino acid substitutions or deletions or additionsmay be assessed for derivatives of the DLC-1 protein by assays in whichDNA molecules encoding the derivative proteins are transfected intoDLC-1 cells using routine procedures.

The DLC-1 gene, DLC-1 cDNA, DNA molecules derived therefrom and theprotein encoded by the cDNA and derivatives thereof may be utilized inaspects of both the study of HCC and for diagnostic and therapeuticapplications related to HCC. Utilities of the present invention include,but are not limited to, those utilities described in the examplespresented herein. Those skilled in the art will recognize that theutilities herein described are not limited to the specific experimentalmodes and materials presented and will appreciate the wider potentialutility of this invention.

EXAMPLE 11 Expression of DLC-1 cDNA Sequences

With the provision of the DLC-1 cDNA (Seq. I.D. No. 1), the expressionand purification of the DLC-1 protein by standard laboratory techniquesis now enabled. The purified protein may be used for functionalanalyses, antibody production, diagnostics and patient therapy.Furthermore, the DNA sequence of the DLC-1 cDNA can be manipulated instudies to understand the expression of the gene and the function of itsproduct. Mutant forms of the DLC-1 may be isolated based uponinformation contained herein, and may be studied in order to detectalteration in expression patterns in terms of relative quantities,tissue specificity and functional properties of the encoded mutant DLC-1protein. Partial or full-length cDNA sequences, which encode for thesubject protein, may be ligated into bacterial expression vectors.Methods for expressing large amounts of protein from a cloned geneintroduced into Escherichia coli (E. coli) may be utilized for thepurification, localization and functional analysis of proteins. Forexample, fusion proteins consisting of amino terminal peptides encodedby a portion of the E. coli acZ or trpE gene linked to DLC-1 proteinsmay be used to prepare polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies againstthese proteins. Thereafter, these antibodies may be used to purifyproteins by immunoaffinity chromatography, in diagnostic assays toquantitate the levels of protein and to localize proteins in tissues andindividual cells by immunofluorescence.

Intact native protein may also be produced in E. coli in large amountsfor functional studies. Methods and plasmid vectors for producing fusionproteins and intact native proteins in bacteria are described inSambrook et al. (In Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y., 1989, ch. 17) herein incorporated by reference. Suchfusion proteins may be made in large amounts, are easy to purify, andcan be used to elicit antibody response. Native proteins can be producedin bacteria by placing a strong, regulated promoter and an efficientribosome binding site upstream of the cloned gene. If low levels ofprotein are produced, additional steps may be taken to increase proteinproduction; if high levels of protein are produced, purification isrelatively easy. Suitable methods are presented in Sambrook et al.(Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989)and are well known in the art. Often, proteins expressed at high levelsare found in insoluble inclusion bodies. Methods for extracting proteinsfrom these aggregates are described by Sambrook et al. (In MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, ch. 17).Vector systems suitable for the expression of lacZ fusion genes includethe pUR series of vectors (Ruther and Muller-Hill, EMBO J. 2: 1791,1983), pEX1-3 (Stanley and Luzio, EMBO J. 3: 1429, 1984) and pMR100(Gray et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 6598, 1982). Vectorssuitable for the production of intact native proteins include pKC30(Shimatake and Rosenberg, Nature 292: 128, 1981), pKK177-3 (Amann andBrosius, Gene 40: 183, 1985) and pET-3 (Studiar and Moffatt, J. Mol.Biol. 189: 113, 1986). DLC-1 fusion proteins may be isolated fromprotein gels, lyophilized, ground into a powder and used as an antigen.The DNA sequence can also be transferred from its existing context inpREP4 to other cloning vehicles, such as other plasmids, bacteriophages,cosmids, animal viruses and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) (Burkeet al., Science 236: 806-12, 1987). These vectors may then be introducedinto a variety of hosts including somatic cells, and simple or complexorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi (Timberlake and Marshall, Science244: 1313-7, 1989), invertebrates, plants (Gasser and Fraley, Science244: 1293, 1989), and pigs (Pursel et al., Science 244: 1281-8, 1989),which cell or organisms are rendered transgenic by the introduction ofthe heterologous DLC-1 cDNA.

For expression in mammalian cells, the cDNA sequence may be ligated toheterologous promoters, such as the simian virus (SV) 40, promoter inthe pSV2 vector (Mulligan and Berg, Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2072-6, 1981), and introduced into cells, such as monkey COS-1 cells(Gluzman, Cell 23: 175-182, 1981), to achieve transient or long-termexpression. The stable integration of the chimeric gene construct may bemaintained in mammalian cells by biochemical selection, such as neomycin(Southern and Berg, J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1: 327-41, 1982) andmycophenolic acid (Mulligan and Berg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2072-6, 1981).

DNA sequences can be manipulated with standard procedures such asrestriction enzyme digestion, fill-in with DNA polymerase, deletion byexonuclease, extension by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase, ligationof synthetic or cloned DNA sequences, site-directed sequence-alterationvia single-stranded bacteriophage intermediate or with the use ofspecific oligonucleotides in combination with PCR.

The cDNA sequence (or portions derived from it) or a mini gene (a cDNAwith an intron and its own promoter) may be introduced into eukaryoticexpression vectors by conventional techniques. These vectors aredesigned to permit the transcription of the cDNA in eukaryotic cells byproviding regulatory sequences that initiate and enhance thetranscription of the cDNA and ensure its proper splicing andpolyadenylation. Vectors containing the promoter and enhancer regions ofthe SV40 or long terminal repeat (LTR) of the Rous Sarcoma virus andpolyadenylation and splicing signal from SV40 are readily available(Mulligan and Berg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 2072-6, 1981; Gormanet al., Proc. Nail. Acad Sci USA 78: 6777-6781, 1982). The level ofexpression of the cDNA can be manipulated with this type of vector,either by using promoters that have different activities (for example,the baculovirus pAC373 can express cDNAs at high levels in S. frugiperdacells (Summers and Smith, In: Genetically Altered Viruses and theEnvironment, Fields et al. (Eds.) 22: 319-328, Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1985) or by using vectorsthat contain promoters amenable to modulation, for example, theglucocorticoid-responsive promoter from the mouse mammary tumor virus(Lee et al., Nature 294: 228, 1982). The expression of the cDNA can bemonitored in the recipient cells 24 to 72 hours after introduction(transient expression).

In addition, some vectors contain selectable markers such as the gpt(Mulligan and Berg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 2072-6, 1981) or neo(Southern and Berg, J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1: 32741, 1982) bacterialgenes. These selectable markers permit selection of transfected cellsthat exhibit stable, long-term expression of the vectors (and thereforethe cDNA). The vectors can be maintained in the cells as episomal,freely replicating entities by using regulatory elements of viruses suchas papilloma (Sarver et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 1: 486, 1981) orEpstein-Barr (Sugden et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 5: 410, 1985).Alternatively, one can also produce cell lines that have integrated thevector into genomic DNA. Both of these types of cell lines produce thegene product on a continuous basis. One can also produce cell lines thathave amplified the number of copies of the vector (and therefore of thecDNA as well) to create cell lines that can produce high levels of thegene product (Alt et al., J. Biol. Chem. 253: 1357, 1978).

The transfer of DNA into eukaryotic, in particular human or othermammalian cells, is now a conventional technique. The vectors areintroduced into the recipient cells as pure DNA (transfection) by, forexample, precipitation with calcium phosphate (Graham and vander Eb,Virology 52: 466, 1973) or strontium phosphate (Brash et al., Mol. CellBiol. 7: 2013, 1987), electroporation (Neumann et al., EMBO J. 1: 841,1982), lipofection (Felgner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA 84: 7413,1987), DEAE dextran (McCuthan et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 41: 351,1968), microinjection (Mueller et al., Cell 15: 579, 1978), protoplastfusion (Schafner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 2163-7, 1980), orpellet guns (Klein et al., Nature 327: 70, 1987). Alternatively, thecDNA can be introduced by infection with virus vectors. Systems aredeveloped that use, for example, retroviruses (Bernstein et al., Gen.Engrg. 7: 235, 1985), adenoviruses (Ahmad et al., J. Virol. 57: 267,1986), or Herpes virus (Spaete et al, Cell 30: 295, 1982).

These eukaryotic expression systems can be used for studies of the DLC-1gene and mutant forms of this gene, the DLC-1 protein and mutant formsof this protein. Such uses include, for example, the identification ofregulatory elements located in the 5′ region of the DLC-1 gene ongenomic clones that can be isolated from human genomic DNA librariesusing the information contained in the present invention. The eukaryoticexpression systems may also be used to study the function of the normalcomplete protein, specific portions of the protein, or of naturallyoccurring or artificially produced mutant proteins.

Using the above techniques, the expression vectors containing the DLC-1gene sequence or fragments or variants or mutants thereof can beintroduced into human cells, mammalian cells from other species ornon-mammalian cells as desired. The choice of cell is determined by thepurpose of the treatment. For example, monkey COS cells (Gluzman, Cell23: 175-182, 1981) that produce high levels of the SV40 T antigen andpermit the replication of vectors containing the SV40 origin ofreplication may be used. Similarly, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), mouseNIH 3T3 fibroblasts or human fibroblasts or lymphoblasts (as describedherein) may be used.

The following is provided as one exemplary method to express DLC-1polypeptide from the cloned DLC-1 cDNA sequences in mammalian cells.Cloning vector pXTI, commercially available from Stratagene, containsthe Long Terminal Repeats (LTRs) and a portion of the GAG gene fromMoloney Murine Leukemia Virus. The position of the viral LTRs allowshighly efficient, stable transfection of the region within the LTRs. Thevector also contains the Herpes Simplex Thymidine Kinase promoter (TK),active in embryonal cells and in a wide variety of tissues in mice, anda selectable neomycin gene conferring G418 resistance. Two uniquerestriction sites BglII and XhoI are directly downstream from the TKpromoter. DLC-1 cDNA, including the entire open reading frame for theDLC-1 protein and the 3′ untranslated region of the cDNA is cloned intoone of the two unique restriction sites downstream from the promoter.

The ligated product is transfected into mouse NIH 3T3 cells usingLipofectin (Life Technologies, Inc.) under conditions outlined in theproduct specification. Positive transfectants are selected after growingthe transfected cells in 600 μg/ml G418 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). Theprotein is released into the supernatant and may be purified by standardimmunoaffinity chromatography techniques using antibodies raised againstthe DLC-1 protein, as described below.

Expression of the DLC-1 protein in eukaryotic cells may also be used asa source of proteins to raise antibodies. The DLC-1 protein may beextracted following release of the protein into the supernatant asdescribed above, or, the cDNA sequence may be incorporated into aeukaryotic expression vector and expressed as a chimeric protein with,for example, β-globin. Antibody to β-globin is thereafter used to purifythe chimeric protein. Corresponding protease cleavage sites engineeredbetween the β-globin gene and the cDNA are then used to separate the twopolypeptide fragments from one another after translation. One usefulexpression vector for generating β-globin chimeric proteins is pSG5(Stratagene). This vector encodes rabbit β-globin.

The present invention thus encompasses recombinant vectors whichcomprise all or part of the DLC-1 gene or cDNA sequences, for expressionin a suitable host. The DLC-1 DNA is operatively linked in the vector toan expression control sequence in the recombinant DNA molecule so thatthe DLC-1 polypeptide can be expressed. The expression control sequencemay be selected from the group consisting of sequences that control theexpression of genes of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells and their virusesand combinations thereof. The expression control sequence may bespecifically selected from the group consisting of the lac system, thetrp system, the tac system, the trc system, major operator and promoterregions of phage lambda, the control region of fd coat protein, theearly and late promoters of SV40, promoters derived from polyoma,adenovirus, retrovirus, baculovirus and simian virus, the promoter for3-phosphoglycerate kinase, the promoters of yeast acid phosphatase, thepromoter of the yeast alpha-mating factors and combinations thereof.

The host cell, which may be transfected with the vector of thisinvention, may be selected from the group consisting of E. coli,Pseudomonas, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus or otherbacilli; other bacteria; yeast; fungi; insect; mouse or other animal; orplant hosts; or human tissue cells.

It is appreciated that for mutant or variant DLC-1 DNA sequences,similar systems are employed to express and produce the mutant product.

EXAMPLE 12 Production of an Antibody to DLC-1 Protein

Monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies may be produced to either the normalDLC-1 protein or mutant forms of this protein. Optimally, antibodiesraised against the DLC-1 protein would specifically detect the DLC-1protein. That is, such antibodies would recognize and bind the DLC-1protein and would not substantially recognize or bind to other proteinsfound in human cells. The determination that an antibody specificallydetects the DLC-1 protein is made by any one of a number of standardimmunoassay methods; for instance, the Western blotting technique(Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y., 1989). To determine that a given antibody preparation(such as one produced in a mouse) specifically detects the DLC-1 proteinby Western blotting, total cellular protein is extracted from humancells (for example, lymphocytes) and electrophoresed on a sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel. The proteins are then transferred to amembrane (for example, nitrocellulose) by Western blotting, and theantibody preparation is incubated with the membrane. After washing themembrane to remove non-specifically bound antibodies, the presence ofspecifically bound antibodies is detected by the use of an anti-mouseantibody conjugated to an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase;application of the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitroblue tetrazolium results in the production of a dense blue compound byimmuno-localized alkaline phosphatase. Antibodies which specificallydetect the DLC-1 protein will, by this technique, be shown to bind tothe DLC-1 protein band (which will be localized at a given position onthe gel determined by its molecular weight). Non-specific binding of theantibody to other proteins may occur and may be detectable as a weaksignal on the Western blot. The non-specific nature of this binding willbe recognized by one skilled in the art by the weak signal obtained onthe Western blot relative to the strong primary signal arising from thespecific antibody-DLC-1 protein binding.

Substantially pure DLC-1 protein suitable for use as an immunogen isisolated from transfected or transformed cells. Concentration of proteinin the final preparation is adjusted, for example, by concentration onan Amicon filter device, to the level of a few micrograms permilliliter. Monoclonal or polyclonal antibody to the protein can then beprepared as follows:

Monoclonal Antibody Production by Hybridoma Fusion

Monoclonal antibody to epitopes of the DLC-1 protein identified andisolated as described can be prepared from murine hybridomas accordingto the classical method of Kohler and Milstein (Nature 256: 495, 1975)or derivative methods thereof. Briefly, a mouse is repetitivelyinoculated with a few micrograms of the selected protein over a periodof a few weeks. The mouse is then sacrificed, and the antibody-producingcells of the spleen isolated. The spleen cells are fused by means ofpolyethylene glycol with mouse myeloma cells, and the excess unfusedcells destroyed by growth of the system on selective media comprisingaminopterin (HAT media). The successfully fused cells are diluted andaliquots of the dilution placed in wells of a microtiter plate wheregrowth of the culture is continued. Antibody-producing clones areidentified by detection of antibody in the supernatant fluid of thewells by immunoassay procedures, such as ELISA, as originally describedby Engvall (Enzymol. 70: 419, 1980), and derivative methods thereof.Selected positive clones can be expanded and their monoclonal antibodyproduct harvested for use. Detailed procedures for monoclonal antibodyproduction are described in Harlow and Lane (Antibodies, A LaboratoryManual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1988).

Polyclonal Antibody Production by Immunization

Polyclonal antiserum containing antibodies to heterogenous epitopes of asingle protein can be prepared by immunizing suitable animals with theexpressed protein, which can be unmodified or modified to enhanceimmunogenicity. Effective polyclonal antibody production is affected bymany factors related both to the antigen and the host species. Forexample, small molecules tend to be less immunogenic than others and mayrequire the use of carriers and adjuvant. Also, host animals vary inresponse to site of inoculations and dose, with both inadequate orexcessive doses of antigen resulting in low titer antisera. Small doses(ng level) of antigen administered at multiple intradermal sites appearsto be most reliable. An effective immunization protocol for rabbits canbe found in Vaitukaitis et al. (J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 33: 988-91,1971).

Booster injections can be given at regular intervals, and antiserumharvested when antibody titer thereof, as determinedsemi-quantitatively, for example, by double immunodiffusion in agaragainst known concentrations of the antigen, begins to fall. See, forexample, Ouchterlony et al. (In Handbook of Experimental Immunology,Wier, D. (ed.) chapter 19, Blackwell, 1973). Plateau concentration ofantibody is usually in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 mg/ml of serum (about 12μM). Affinity of the antisera for the antigen is determined by preparingcompetitive binding curves, as described, for example, by Fisher (Manualof Clinical Immunology, Ch. 42, 1980).

Antibodies Raised against Synthetic Peptides

A third approach to raising antibodies against the DLC-1 protein is touse synthetic peptides synthesized on a commercially available peptidesynthesizer based upon the predicted amino acid sequence of the DLC-1protein.

Antibodies Raised by Injection of DLC-1 Gene

Antibodies may be raised against the DLC-1 protein by subcutaneousinjection of a DNA vector which expresses the DLC-1 protein intolaboratory animals, such as mice. Delivery of the recombinant vectorinto the animals may be achieved using a hand-held form of the Biolisticsystem (Sanford et al., Particulate Sci. Technol. 5: 27-37, 1987) asdescribed by Tang et al. (Nature 356: 1524, 1992). Expression vectorssuitable for this purpose may include those which express the DLC-1 geneunder the transcriptional control of either the human mactin promoter orthe cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter.

Antibody preparations prepared according to these protocols are usefulin quantitative immunoassays which determine concentrations ofantigen-bearing substances in biological samples; they are also usedsemi-quantitatively or qualitatively to identify the presence of antigenin a biological sample.

EXAMPLE 13 DNA-Based Diagnosis

One major application of the DLC-1 sequence information presented hereinis in the area of genetic testing for predisposition to HCC, BC, PCand/or CRC owing to DLC-1 deletion or mutation. The gene sequence of theDLC-1 gene, including intron-exon boundaries is also useful in suchdiagnostic methods. Individuals carrying mutations in the DLC-1 gene, orhaving heterozygous or homozygous deletions of the DLC-1 gene, may bedetected at the DNA level with the use of a variety of techniques. Forsuch a diagnostic procedure, a biological sample of the subject, whichbiological sample contains either DNA or RNA derived from the subject,is assayed for a mutated or deleted DLC-1 gene. Suitable biologicalsamples include samples containing genomic DNA or RNA obtained from bodycells, such as those present in peripheral blood, urine, saliva, tissuebiopsy, surgical specimen, amniocentesis samples and autopsy material.The detection in the biological sample of either a mutant DLC-1 gene, amutant DLC-1 RNA, or a homozygously or heterozygously deleted DLC-1gene, may be performed by a number of methodologies, as outlined below.

A preferred embodiment of such detection techniques is the polymerasechain reaction amplification of reverse transcribed RNA (RT-PCR) of RNAisolated from lymphocytes followed by direct DNA sequence determinationof the products. The presence of one or more nucleotide differencesbetween the obtained sequence and the cDNA sequences, and especially,differences in the ORF portion of the nucleotide sequence are taken asindicative of a potential DLC-1 gene mutation.

Alternatively, DNA extracted from lymphocytes or other cells may be useddirectly for amplification. The direct amplification from genomic DNAwould be appropriate for analysis of the entire DLC-1 gene includingregulatory sequences located upstream and downstream from the openreading frame. Recent reviews of direct DNA diagnosis have beenpresented by Caskey (Science 236: 1223-8, 1989) and by Landegren et al.(Science 242: 229-37, 1989).

Further studies of DLC-1 genes isolated from DLC-1 patients may revealparticular mutations, or deletions, which occur at a high frequencywithin this population of individuals. In this case, rather thansequencing the entire DLC-1 gene, it may be possible to design DNAdiagnostic methods to specifically detect the most common DLC-1mutations or deletions.

The detection of specific DNA mutations may be achieved by methods suchas hybridization using specific oligonucleotides (Wallace et al., ColdSpring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51: 257-61, 1986), direct DNAsequencing (Church and Gilbert, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA 81: 1991-5,1988), the use of restriction enzymes (Flavell et al., Cell 15: 25,1978; Geever et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA 78: 5081, 1981),discrimination on the basis of electrophoretic mobility in gels withdenaturing reagent (Myers and Maniatis, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant.Biol. 51: 275-84, 1986), RNase protection (Myers et al., Science 230:1242, 1985), chemical cleavage (Cotton et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 85: 4397-401, 1988), and the ligase-mediated detection procedure(Landegren et al., Science 241: 1077, 1988).

Oligonucleotides specific to normal or mutant sequences are chemicallysynthesized using commercially available machines, labeled radioactivelywith isotopes (such as ³²P) or non-radioactively, with tags such asbiotin (Ward and Langer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 6633-57,1981), and hybridized to individual DNA samples immobilized on membranesor other solid supports by dot-blot or transfer from gels afterelectrophoresis. The presence of these specific sequences are visualizedby methods such as autoradiography or fluorometric (Landegren, et al.,Science 242: 229-37, 1989) or colorimetric reactions (Gebeyehu et al.,Nucleic Acids Res. 15: 4513-34, 1987). The absence of hybridizationwould indicate a mutation in the particular region of the gene, ordeleted DLC-1 gene.

Sequence differences between normal and mutant forms of the DLC-1 genemay also be revealed by the direct DNA sequencing method of Church andGilbert (Proc. Nail Acad. Sci. USA 81: 1991-5, 1988). Cloned DNAsegments may be used as probes to detect specific DNA segments. Thesensitivity of this method is greatly enhanced when combined with PCR(Wrichnik et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15: 52942, 1987; Wong et al.,Nature 330: 384-386, 1987; Stoflet et al., Science 239: 4914, 1988). Inthis approach, a sequencing primer which lies within the amplifiedsequence is used with double-stranded PCR product or single-strandedtemplate generated by a modified PCR. The sequence determination isperformed by conventional procedures with radiolabeled nucleotides or byautomatic sequencing procedures with fluorescent tags.

Sequence alterations may occasionally generate fortuitous restrictionenzyme recognition sites or may eliminate existing restriction sites.Changes in restriction sites are revealed by the use of appropriateenzyme digestion followed by conventional gel-blot hybridization(Southern, J. Mol. Biol. 98: 503, 1975). DNA fragments carrying the site(either normal or mutant) are detected by their reduction in size orincrease of corresponding restriction fragment numbers. Genomic DNAsamples may also be amplified by PCR prior to treatment with theappropriate restriction enzyme; fragments of different sizes are thenvisualized under UV light in the presence of ethidium bromide after gelelectrophoresis.

Genetic testing based on DNA sequence differences may be achieved bydetection of alteration in electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments ingels with or without denaturing reagent. Small sequence deletions andinsertions can be visualized by high-resolution gel electrophoresis. Forexample, a PCR product with small deletions is clearly distinguishablefrom a normal sequence on an 8% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel (WO91/10734; Nagamine et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 45: 337-9, 1989). DNAfragments of different sequence compositions may be distinguished ondenaturing formamide gradient gels in which the mobilities of differentDNA fragments are retarded in the gel at different positions accordingto their specific “partial-melting” temperatures (Myers et al., Science230: 1242, 1985). Alternatively, a method of detecting a mutationcomprising a single base substitution or other small change could bebased on differential primer length in a PCR. For example, an invariantprimer could be used in addition to a primer specific for a mutation.The PCR products of the normal and mutant genes can then bedifferentially detected in acrylamide gels.

In addition to conventional gel-electrophoresis and blot-hybridizationmethods, DNA fragments may also be visualized by methods where theindividual DNA samples are not immobilized on membranes. The probe andtarget sequences may be both in solution, or the probe sequence may beimmobilized (Saiki et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 62304, 1989). Avariety of detection methods, such as autoradiography involvingradioisotopes, direct detection of radioactive decay (in the presence orabsence of scintillant), spectrophotometry involving calorigenicreactions and fluorometry involved fluorogenic reactions, may be used toidentify specific individual genotypes.

If more than one mutation is frequently encountered in the DLC-1 gene, asystem capable of detecting such multiple mutations would be desirable.For example, a PCR with multiple, specific oligonucleotide primers andhybridization probes may be used to identify all possible mutations atthe same time (Chamberlain et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 1141-55, 1988).The procedure may involve immobilized sequence-specific oligonucleotidesprobes (Saiki et al., Proc. Nat Acad. Sci. USA 86: 62304, 1989).

The following Example describes one method by which deletions of theDLC-1 gene may be detected.

EXAMPLE 14 Two Step Assay to Detect the Presence of DLC-1 Gene in aSample

Patient liver, breast, prostate and/or colorectal tissue sample isprocessed according to the method disclosed by Antonarakis, et al. (NewEng. J. Med. 313: 842-848, 1985), separated through a 1% agarose gel andtransferred to a nylon membrane for Southern blot analysis. Membranesare UV cross linked at 150 mJ using a GS Gene Linker (Bio-Rad). A DLC-1probe is subcloned into pTZ18U. The phagemids are transformed into E.coli MV 1190 infected with M13KO7 helper phage (Bio-Rad, Richmond,Calif.). Single stranded DNA is isolated according to standardprocedures (see Sambrook, et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).

Blots are prehybridized for 15-30 min. at 65° C. in 7% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) in 0.5M NaPO₄. The methods follow those described byNguyen, et al. (BioTechniques 13: 116-123, 1992). The blots arehybridized overnight at 65° C. in 7% SDS, 0.5M NaPO, with 25-50 ng/mlsingle stranded probe DNA. Post-hybridization washes consist of two 30min. washes in 5% SDS, 40 mM NaPO₄ at 65° C., followed by two 30-minwashes in 1% SDS, 40 mM NaPO₄ at 65° C.

Next the blots are rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (pH 6.8) for 5min at room temperature and incubated with 0.2% casein in PBS for 5 min.The blots are then preincubated for 5-10 minutes in a shaking water bathat 45° C. with hybridization buffer consisting of 6M urea, 0.3M NaCl,and 5× Denhardt's solution (see Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). The buffer isremoved and replaced with 50-75 μl/cm² fresh hybridization buffer plus2.5 nM of the covalently cross-linked oligonucleotide sequencecomplementary to the universal primer site (UP-AP, Bio-Rad). The blotsare hybridized for 20-30 min at 45° C. and post hybridization washes areincubated at 45° C. as two 10 min washes in 6 M urea, 1× standard salinecitrate (SSC), 0.1% SDS and one 10 min wash in 1×SSC, 0.1% Triton®X-100. The blots are rinsed for 10 min at room temperature with 1×SSC.

Blots are incubated for 10 min at room temperature with shaking in thesubstrate buffer consisting of 0.1 M diethanolamine, 1 mM MgCl₂, 0.02%sodium azide, pH 10.0. Individual blots are placed in heat sealable bagswith substrate buffer and 0.2 mM AMPPD(3-(2′-spiroadamantane)-4-methoxy-4-(3′-phosphoryloxy)phenyl-1,2-dioxetane,disodium salt, Bio-Rad). After a 20 min incubation at room temperaturewith shaking, the excess AMPPD solution is removed. The blot is exposedto X-ray film overnight. Positive bands indicate the presence of theDLC-1 gene. Patient samples which show no hybridizing bands lack theDLC-1 gene, indicating the possibility of ongoing cancer, or an enhancedsusceptibility to developing cancer in the future.

EXAMPLE 15 Quantitation of DLC-1 Protein

An alternative method of diagnosing DLC-1 gene deletion or mutation isto quantitate the level of DLC-1 protein in the cells of an individual.This diagnostic tool would be useful for detecting reduced levels of theDLC-1 protein which result from, for example, mutations in the promoterregions of the DLC-1 gene or mutations within the coding region of thegene which produced truncated, non-functional polypeptides, as well asfrom deletions of the entire DLC-1 gene. The determination of reducedDLC-1 protein levels would be an alternative or supplemental approach tothe direct determination of DLC-1 gene deletion or mutation status bythe methods outlined above. The availability of antibodies specific tothe DLC-1 protein will facilitate the quantitation of cellular DLC-1protein by one of a number of immunoassay methods which are well knownin the art and are presented in Harlow and Lane (Antibodies, ALaboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1988).

For the purposes of quantitating the DLC-1 protein, a biological sampleof the subject, which sample includes cellular proteins, is required.Such a biological sample may be obtained from body cells, such as thosepresent in peripheral blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy, amniocentesissamples, surgical specimens and autopsy material, particularly livercells. Quantitation of DLC-1 protein is achieved by immunoassay andcompared to levels of the protein found in healthy cells. A significant(e.g., 50% or greater) reduction in the amount of DLC-1 protein in thecells of a subject compared to the amount of DLC-1 protein found innormal human cells would be taken as an indication that the subject mayhave deletions or mutations in the DLC-1 gene locus.

EXAMPLE 16 Gene Therapy

A new gene therapy approach for DLC-1 patients is now made possible bythe present invention. Essentially, liver cells may be removed from apatient having deletions or mutations of the DLC-1 gene, and thentransfected with an expression vector containing the DLC-1 cDNA. Thesetransfected liver cells will thereby produce functional DLC-1 proteinand can be reintroduced into the patient. In addition to liver cells,breast, colorectal, prostate, or other cells may be used, depending onthe cancer of interest.

The scientific and medical procedures required for human celltransfection are now routine procedures. The provision herein of DLC-1cDNAs now allows the development of human gene therapy based upon theseprocedures. Immunotherapy of melanoma patients using geneticallyengineered tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has been reported byRosenberg et al. (N. Engl. J. Med. 323: 570-8, 1990). In that study, aretrovirus vector was used to introduce a gene for neomycin resistanceinto TILs. A similar approach may be used to introduce the DLC-1 cDNAinto patients affected by DLC-1 deletions or mutations.

Retroviruses have been considered the preferred vector for experimentsin gene therapy, with a high efficiency of infection and stableintegration and expression (Orkin et al., Prog. Med Genet. 7: 130,1988). The full length DLC-1 gene or cDNA can be cloned into aretroviral vector and driven from either its endogenous promoter or fromthe retroviral LTR (long terminal repeat). Other viral transfectionsystems may also be utilized for this type of approach, includingAdeno-Associated virus (AAV) (McLaughlin et al., J. Virol. 62: 1963,1988), Vaccinia virus (Moss et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 5: 305, 1987),Bovine Papilloma virus (Rasmussen et al., Methods Enymol. 139: 642,1987) or members of the herpesvirus group such as Epstein-Barr virus(Margolskee et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 8: 283747, 1988). Recentdevelopments in gene therapy techniques include the use of RNA-DNAhybrid oligonucleotides, as described by Cole-Strauss, et al. (Science273: 1386-9, 1996). This technique may allow for site-specificintegration of cloned sequences, permitting accurately targeted genereplacement.

Having illustrated and described the principles of isolating the humanDLC-1 cDNA and its corresponding genomic genes, the protein and modes ofuse of these biological molecules, it should be apparent to one skilledin the art that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detailwithout departing from such principles. We claim all modificationscoming within the spirit and scope of the claims presented herein.

1. A method for diagnosing a cancer in a subject, comprising detectingdecreased expression of a nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 2 in a samplefrom the subject, wherein detection of decreased expression of thenucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 2 diagnoses the cancer.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein the cancer is breast cancer.
 3. The method of claim1, wherein the cancer is liver cancer.
 4. The method of claim 1, whereinthe cancer is colorectal cancer.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein thecancer is prostate cancer.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sampleis a peripheral blood, a urine, a saliva, a tissue biopsy, a surgicalspecimen, or an autopsy sample.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein thedetection of decreased expression of a nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO:2 is by an amplification reaction, a hybridization reaction, or a changein electrophoretic mobility.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein thedetection of decreased expression of a nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO:2 is by amplification reaction, and the amplification reaction ispolymerase chain reaction.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the sampleis a tissue biopsy, a surgical specimen, or an autopsy sample.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the detection of decreased expression of anucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 2 comprises detecting decreased levelsof a mRNA encoding SEQ ID NO: 2 in a sample from the subject.
 11. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the detection of decreased expression of anucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 2 comprises detecting a deletion in anucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NO: 2 in a sample from the subject.
 12. Amethod for diagnosing a cancer in a subject, comprising detectingdecreased expression of a polypeptide at least 95% identical to SEQ IDNO: 2 in a sample from the subject, wherein detection of decreasedexpression of the polypeptide at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2diagnoses the cancer.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the cancer isbreast cancer.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the cancer is livercancer.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the cancer is colorectalcancer.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the cancer is prostatecancer.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the sample is a peripheralblood, a urine, a saliva, a tissue biopsy, a surgical specimen, or anautopsy sample.
 18. The method of claim 12, comprising (a) incubating anantibody that specifically binds to the polypeptide with the sample fromthe subject under conditions such that the antibody will specificallybind to the polypeptide present in the sample to form anantibody:polypeptide complex; (b) quantifying the amount of theantibody:polypeptide complex; and (c) comparing the amount of theantibody:polypeptide complex in the sample with the amount ofantibody:polypeptide complex in normal subject cells, wherein adifference in the amount of the antibody:polypeptide complex in thesample diagnoses the cancer.
 19. The method of claim 12, wherein thesample is a tissue biopsy, a surgical specimen, or an autopsy sample.